Advaita Vedānta
India, Upaniṣadic exegetical tradition
The non-dual tradition understands the transcendental self as identical with Brahman. Knowledge of that identity is central to liberation.
Catalogue of ideas
Explore thinkers and schools through their ideas, their context, and the sources that document them.
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110 entries
Affirmative action
Contemporary inclusion policies
It includes measures aimed at remedying exclusion or widening opportunities for underrepresented groups.
African ethics
African philosophical traditions
One strand of inquiry examines character, common welfare, and communal life.
African sage philosophy
Kenya and contemporary African philosophical debate
Henry Odera Oruka’s programme documented the reasoning of thinkers versed in oral traditions.
Africana philosophy
Africa and its diasporas
It studies philosophical traditions of African peoples and their diasporas, including their historical experience.
Al-Farabi
Islamic world, ninth–tenth centuries
His political philosophy connects the order of the virtuous city with attaining human happiness.
Al-Ghazali
Islamic world, eleventh–twelfth centuries
He examined the reach of philosophical demonstration and the place of spiritual practice in knowledge.
Alienation at work
Social philosophy and critique of political economy
It explores forms of separation between workers, their activity, and the products of their work.
Aristotle
Classical Greece
Happiness consists in activity in accordance with virtue over a complete life.
Augustine of Hippo
Roman North Africa, fourth–fifth centuries
He analysed the order of love, the will, and the role of grace in Christian life.
Baruch Spinoza
Netherlands, seventeenth century
In the Ethics, understanding natural necessity is central to human freedom.
Burkean conservatism
Britain, debate on the French Revolution
The Burkean tradition values knowledge accumulated in historical practices and institutions.